📋 Tender Overview
Wetlands can act as natural buffers to reduce wave energy.
Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Research and Development Programme and Environment Agency
Natural coastal protection and risk reduction by intertidal wetlands
Iris Moller1 and Tom Spencer2
1 Department of Geography, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
2 Cambridge Coastal Research Unit, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Natural flood management (NFM) protects, restores or emulates the natural functions of rivers, floodplains, catchments and the coast to reduce flooding and coastal erosion. It can take the form of wetland restoration. Wetlands can be very beneficial for reducing flood risks while also providing wider environmental benefits.
Research from the Cambridge Coastal Research Unit (CCRU) demonstrated the critical role that coastal wetlands play as natural buffers against storm impacts. This work not only transformed understanding and attitudes toward coastal ecosystems, but has influenced policy and practice.
Impact
The findings from CCRU helped to shift the narrative on coastal management. The UK Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA2) highlighted flooding and coastal change as the highest climate risk for the UK, and identified an urgent need for effective, sustainable solutions. With rising sea levels projected to impact approximately 1,000km (20%) of Englands coastal defences by 2100, reliance solely on hard engineering is becoming increasingly untenable (Environment Agency, 2024).
The CCRUs extensive research provided compelling evidence that coastal wetlands, such as salt marshes, significantly dissipated wave energy during storms, and by doing so helped to protect coastal communities and infrastructure. By acting as natural barriers, these ecosystems reduce the wave heights that reach man-made structures, either decreasing the need for hard engineering solutions or the cost of their construction and maintenance where they are needed.
The CCRUs work was pivotal in advocating for the policy of managed realignment. This strategy promotes restoring natural habitats by allowing the coastline to adjust in a way that benefits both the environment and human communities. By creating new habitat areas and reducing maintenance costs associated with artificial defences, managed realignment represents an approach to coastal management that aligns with both ecological and economic goals.
Through field campaigns and experimental research, the CCRU quantified the extent to which wave energy is mitigated by coastal wetlands. Studies conducted in Essex estuaries and Morecambe Bay found that salt marshes can reduce wave heights by 15-20% during extreme storms, enhancing the stability of adjacent infrastructure. This research considered various factors, including water depth, wave height, vegetation type, and sediment characteristics, providing a nuanced understanding of how these ecosystems offer coastal protection.
Experiments conducted in the worlds longest wave flume illustrated that even a 40 metre wide band of salt marsh can effectively lower storm wave heights, with a notable percentage of this reduction attributed to the plants and the stable sediment they create. This evidence was important for informing coastal management practices and illustrating the benefits of preserving and restoring natural habitats.
In 2017 the Environment Agency published the Working with natural processes evidence directory for flood and coastal risk management and it was updated in 2024. These publications referenced field and laboratory work from this research which demonstrated that saltmarshes can reduce wave heights under extreme wave and water level conditions.
Principal Scientist, Flood & Coastal Risk Management Research, Environment Agency (2017) said:
This evidence [from the CCRU] has been very important in helping [the Environment Agency] develop and publish our Natural Flood Management evidence base...to mainstream more natural approaches to flood and coastal erosion risk management.
In addition to influencing policy, the CCRU has developed models and visualisation tools to help coastal managers understand and implement natural coastal protection strategies. By integrating scientific research with practical applications, these tools empower decision-makers to incorporate wetlands into coastal defence plans.
Head of People Conservation Science, RSPB (2020) said:
I can confidently say that research by the Cambridge Coastal Research Unit (CCRU) has provided the critical scientific underpinning for RSPB positions on natural coastal protection and coastal habitat restoration, allowing us to advocate for and secure improvements to government coastal management policies. This helps in advocacy of the benefits of our managed realignment coastal habitat work at sites such as Titchwell, Wallasea Island and Medmerry.
The work of the CCRU has thus emphasised the importance of viewing coastal wetlands not merely as natural environments but as essential components of flooding and erosion management strategies.
Resources
Christie, E.K., Spencer, T., Owen, D., McIvor, A.L., Moller, I., and Viavattene, C. (2018). Regional coastal flood risk assessment for a tidally dominant, natural coastal setting: North Norfolk, southern North Sea. Coastal Engineering, 134, 177-190. Available at: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.05.003 (Accessed: 24 March 2025).
Environment Agency. (2024). National assessment of flood and coastal erosion risk in England 2024. Available at: National assessment of flood and coastal erosion risk in England 2024 (Accessed: 24 March 2025).
Kiesel J., Schuerch M., Christie E.K., Moller I., Spencer T., and Vafeidis A.T. (2020). Effective design of managed realignment schemes can reduce coastal flood risks. Estuarine, Coastal Shelf Science 242, 106844 Available at: doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106844 (Accessed 24 March 2025).
Moller I., and Spencer T. (2002). Wave dissipation over macro-tidal saltmarshes: Effects of marsh edge typology and veg
